نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترا زمینشناسی زیستمحیطی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه زمینشناسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
3 دانشیار پژوهشکده علوم‌زمین، سازمان زمینشناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، ایران
4 دانشیار گروه علوم و خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Urmia Lake, with more than 51,000 Km2 area, is one of 6 main Iran’s catchments. Nazluchai, Shaharchai, Bazandozchai, Gadarchi, Mahabadchai and Siminehroud located in west and southwest of Urmia Lake are among the most important rivers supplying the lake. This study aims to evaluate heavy metals health risk including cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt, arsenic and chromium in surface sediments of western and southwestern rivers of Urmia Lake, for which 22 sediment samples from depth of 0-10 cm was randomly taken and after analyzing by ICP-OES method, non-carcinogenic risk for all studied elements and carcinogenic risk for elements with definite carcinogenicity (cadmium, nickel and chromium) were calculated. According to results, the highest concentrations of nickel, cobalt and chromium were recorded in Baranduzchai and Gadarchai, the highest arsenic concentration was recorded in delta and downstream of Nazluchai and Mahabadchai and the highest cadmium concentration was recorded in Nazluchai delta and downstream of Siminehrood. In mentioned cases, heavy metals concentration is much more than the other parts. Average daily doses of studied heavy metals for children and adults were measured as follows: cadmium <lead <arsenic <cobalt <chromium <nickel. Results also showed that the highest non-carcinogenic risk for children was related to cobalt, chromium and nickel, respectively, while non-carcinogenic risk of cobalt (0.51) and chromium (0.215) is close to the threshold. The overall risk (HI) of all studied heavy metals for children is also close to threshold. Total risk of chromium and cobalt is close to the threshold in 5 and 4 samples, respectively, and in only one sample located in downstream of Baranduzchai, total risk of cobalt has exceeded threshold value. Carcinogenic risk of cadmium and nickel in studied samples does not threaten human health, while carcinogenic risk of chromium is close to threshold and consequently total carcinogenicity risk is close to threshold.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
اطاری، م.، دبیری، ر.، ولیپور، م. ف (1393) توزیع ژئوشیمیایی فلزات سنگین در سنگهای افیولیتی فرومد، شمال غرب سبزوار، هجدهمین همایش انجمن زمینشناسی ایران، تهران.
بهروش، س.، پورخباز، ع (1392) تاثیر دانهبندی بر تجمع فلزات سنگین (Cd، Cu، Zn، Pb و Cr) در رسوبات سطحی جنوب غرب تالاب انزلی، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی تالاب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز، سال پنجم، شماره 16، ص 8-1.
داوطلب نظام، س.، شاکری، ع.، رضایی، م (1395) آلودگی، منشا و ارزیابی ریسک سلامت عناصر بالقوه سمناک در خاک پارک شهر و پارک لاله، شهر تهران، نشریه علوم زمین خوارزمی، جلد 2، شماره 2، ص 209- 226.
دهقانی، م.، پیرخراطی، ح.، لک، ر.، اسدزاده، ف (1401) ارزیابی خطر آلودگی فلزات سـنگین در رسـوبات سطـحی رودخانههای غرب و جنوب غرب دریاچه ارومیه، نشریه یافتههای نوین زمینشناسی کاربردی، دوره 16، شماره 32، ص 109-124.
شیردشتزاده، ن.، ترابـی، ق.، صـمدی، ر (1398) کاربـرد یافتههای سنگشناسی و دادههای ژئوشیمیایی در بررسی زمینشناسی زیستمحیطی مناطق افیولیتی: بررسی موردی در شمال نایین و عشین (استان اصفهان)، نشریه یافتههای نوین زمینشناسی کاربردی، دوره 13، شماره 26، ص 67- 78.
کاظمی، م.، چمنی، ع.، آق، ن (1398) بررسی میزان آلودگی ارسنیک در رسوبات دریاچه ارومیه و احتمال تاثیر آن بر سلامت جامعه انسانی، نشریه محیطشناسی، دوره 45، شماره 3، ص 497-485.
لاهیجانی، ا.، رستگاری مهر، م.، شاکری، ع.، یگانهفر، م (1399) مطالعه فلزات سنگین در رسوبات بستر رودخانه و سد مهاباد و ارزیابی خطر مصرف ماهیهای خوراکی منطقه، مجله سلامت و محیط زیست، دوره 13، شماره 1، ص 49-64.
موسوی، س. پ.، مختاری، م. ا.، خسروی، س.، حسینزاده، ر (1395) بررسی آلودگی زیستمحیطی رسوبات آبراههای به عناصر سنگین در منطقه زرشوران- آغدره (شمال تکاب)، نشریه علوم آب و خاک (علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی)، سال بیست و دو، شماره 2، ص 127 -141.
Abbaslou, H. Martin, F. Abtahi, A. Moore, F) 2014( Trace element concentrations and background values in the arid soils of Hormozgan province of southern Iran. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 60: 1125–1143.
Alexakis, D. Gotsis, D. Giakoumakis, S )2015) Evaluation of soil salinization in a Mediterranean site (Agoulinitsa district-west Greece). Arab J Geosci, 8: 1373–1383.
Ali, M. M., Rahman, S., Islam, M. S., Rakib, M. R. J., Hossen, S., Rahman, M. Z., Kormoker, T., Idris, A. M. and Phoungthong, K (2022) Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediment of an urban river in a developing country: a probabilistic risk assessment. International journal of sediment research, 37(2): 173-187.
Baygan, A., Mogaddam, M. R. A., Lotfipour, F. and Nemati, M (2020) Evaluation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, As, and Pb) concentration in salt samples of Lake Urmia, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-11.
Bowie, S. H. U., and Thornton, I (1984) Environmental Geochemistry and Health. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Chatterjee, D. Datta, S. C., Manjaiah, K. M (2015) Effect of citric acid treatment on release of phosphorus, aluminium and iron from three dissimilar soils of India. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 61: 105–117.
Chaudhari, S., Felfelani, F., Shin, S., Pokhrel, Y (2018) Climate and anthropogenic contributions to the desiccation of the second largest saline lake in the twentieth century. J. Hydrol. (Amst.), 560: 42–353.
Davies, C. A., Tomlinson, K. and Stephenson, T (1991) Heavy metals in River tees estuary sediments. Environmental Technology, 12: 961 - 972.
Eby, G. N (2005) Principles of environmental geochemistry, Thomson, Ellis, S. and Mellor, A., New York.
El Gaidoumi, A., Tanji, K., Chaouni Benabdallah, A., Taleb, A. and Kherbeche, A (2019) Characterization and Quantification of Heavy Metals in Oued Sebou Sediments. The Scientific World Journal, jun 26: 2019.
Farebrother, W., Hesse, P. P., Chang, H. C., Jones, C (2017) Dry lake beds as sources of dust in Australia during the Late Quaternary: a volumetric approach based on lake bed and deflated dune volumes. Quat. Sci. Rev, 161: 81–98.
Ferreira-Baptista, L. and De Miguel, E (2005) Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Atmospheric environment, 39(25): 4501-4512.
Ghale, Y. A. G., Tayanc, M. and Unal, A (2021) Dried bottom of Urmia Lake as a new source of dust in the northwestern Iran: Understanding the impacts on local and regional air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 262, p.118635.
Haakonde, T., Yabe, J., Choongo, K., Chongwe, G., & Islam, M. S (2020) Preliminary assessment of uranium contamination in drinking water sources near a uranium mine in the Siavonga district, Zambia, and associated health risks. Journal of Mine Water and the Environment, 39: 735-745.
Hanson, P. J., Evans, D. W., Colby, DR. and Zdanowicz, V. S (1983) Assessment of elemental contamination in estuarine and coastal environments based on geochemical and statistical modeling of sediments. Marine Environmental Research, 36: 237-266.
Hassanzadeh, E., Zarghami, M., Hassanzadeh, Y (2012) Determining the main factors in declining the Urmia Lake level by using system dynamics modeling. Water Resour. Manag, 26 (1): 129–145.
Islam, M. S (2021) Preliminary assessment of trace elemen ts in surface and deep waters of an urban river (Korotoa) in Bangladesh and associated health risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28: 29287-29303.
Izdebski, A., Pickett, J., Roberts, N., Waliszewski, T (2016) The environmental, archaeological and historical evidence for regional climatic changes and their societal impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity. Quat. Sci. Rev, 136: 189–208.
Karim, Z. Qureshi, B. A (2014) Health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban soil of Karachi, Pakistan. Human Ecol Risk Assess, 20: 658–667.
Kaur, N. Sharma, S. Kaur, S. Nayyar, H (2014) Selenium in agriculture: a nutrient or contaminant for crops? Arch Agron Soil Sci, 60: 1593–1624.
Khazaei, B., Khatami, S., Alemohammad, S. H., Rashidi, L., Wu, S., Madani, K., Kalantari, Z., Destouni, G., Aghakouchak, A (2019) Climatic or regionally induced by humans? Tracing hydro-climatic and land- use changes to better understand the Lake Urmia tragedy. J. Hydrol. (Amst.), 569: 203–217.
Kostandi, S. Soliman, M. F., Beschow, H., Merbach, W (2012) Rhizosphere effects of maize hybrids and N forms on Cd bioavailability in a limed soil. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 58: 903–913.
Lar, U. A., Ngozi-Chika, C. S., Ashano, E. C (2013) Human exposure to lead and other potentially harmful elements associated with galena mining at New Zurak, central Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci, 84: 13–19.
Lu, S. G., Chen, Y. Y., Shan, H. D. and Bai, S. Q (2009) Mineralogy and heavy metal leachability of magnetic fractions separated from some Chinese coal fly ashes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169(1-3): 246-255.
Martín, F., Escoto, M., Fernández, J., Fernández, E., Arco, E., Sierra, M. and Dorronsoro, C (2010) Toxicity assessment of sediments with natural anomalous concentrations in heavy metals by the use of bioassay. International Journal of Chemical Engineering.
Papadopoulou-Vrynioti, K., Alexakis, D., Bathrellos, G., Skilodimou, H., Vryniotis, D., Vassiliades, E., Gamvroula, D (2013) Distribution of trace elements in stream sediments of Arta plain (western Hellas): the influence of geomorphological parameters. J Geochem Explor, 134: 17–26.
Porkas, M (2005) Essentials of Medical Geology, Impact of natural environment on public health, Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press, 812 p.
Rajeshkumar, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Ravikumar, B., Bai, G., Li, X (2018) Studies on seasonal pollution of heavy metals in water, sediment, fish and oyster from the Meiliang Bay of Lake Tai in China. Chemosphere, 191: 626–638.
Robles Camacho, J. & Armineta, A. M (2000) Natural chromium contamination of groundwater at Leo’n Valley Mexico Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 68: 167–181.
Rudnick, R. L., Gao, S., Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K (2003) Composition of the continental crust. The crust, 3: 1-64.
Satg´e, F., Espinoza, R., Zol´a, R. P., Roig, H., Timouk, F., Molina, J., Garnier, J., Calmant, S., Seyler, F., Bonnet, M. P (2017) Role of climate variability and human activity on Poop´o lake droughts between 1990 and 2015 assessed using remote sensing data. Rem. Sens, 9: 218.
Shao, T., Pan, L., Chen, Z., Wang, R., Li, W., Qin, Q. and He, Y (2018) Content of heavy metal in the dust of leisure squares and its health risk assessment—A case study of Yanta District in Xi’an. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(3): 394 p.
Shi, G. L., Lou, L. Q., Zhang, S., Xia, X. W., Cai, Q. S (2013) Arsenic, copper, and zinc contamination in soil and wheat during coal mining, with assessment of health risks for the inhabitants of Huaibei, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 20: 8435–8445.
Shi, P. Xiao, J. Wang, Y. Chen, L (2014) Assessment of ecological and human health risks of heavy metal contamination in agriculture soils disturbed by pipeline construction. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11: 2504–2520.
Ustaoglu, F., & Islam, S (2020) Potential toxic elements in sediment of some rivers at giresun, northeast Turkey: A preliminary assessment for ecotoxicological status and health risk. Ecological Indicators, 113: 106237.
Wang, L., Yang, l (2013) Discussion on the Sediment Internal Pollution and Its Countermeasures of Nansi Lake, Advanced Materials Research, 664: 288-292.
Wei, X., Gao, B., Wang, P., Zhou, H., Lu, j (2015) Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China, 190. 191.
)