یافته‌های نوین زمین‌شناسی کاربردی

یافته‌های نوین زمین‌شناسی کاربردی

کانه‌زایی مس چینه‌کران تیپ مانتو با سنگ میزبان آتشفشانی در رخداد معدنی قمیشلو (جنوب‌باختر زنجان): شواهد زمین‌شناسی، کانه‌زایی و زمین‌شیمیایی

نویسندگان
1 کارشناس‌ارشد زمین‌شناسی اقتصادی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
چکیده
رخداد معدنی مس قمیشلو در فاصله 150 کیلومتری جنوب‌باختر زنجان قرار دارد و بخشی از پهنه ایران مرکزی به‌شمار می‌رود.. کانه‌زایی به‌صورت چینه‌کران درون بخش‌ فوقانی گدازه‌های بازالتی- بازالت‌آندزیتی کرتاسه پایینی رخ داده است. پهنه کانه‌دار دارای روند شمال‌باختری-جنوب‌خاوری با شیب حدود70 تا80 درجه به سمت جنوب‌باختر بوده و حدود 200 متر درازا و 5/1 متر پهنا دارد. دگرسانی‌ گرمابی مرتبط با کانه‌زایی شامل کلریتی-کربناتی است. دگرسانی‌های پروپلیتیک و زئولیتی و سیلیسی- کلسیتی به‌ترتیب، مربوط به فرایندهای قبل و بعد از کانه‌زایی می‌باشند. کالکوسیت اولیه و بورنیت همراه با اندکی پیریت و کالکوپیریت، مواد معدنی و کلسیت و کلریت همراه با مقادیر اندکی کوارتز و زئولیت، مواد باطله می‌باشند. کالکوسیت ثانویه، کوولیت، مالاکیت، کوپریت و نئوتوسیت کانی‌های برون‌زاد هستند. انواع بافت کانسنگ شامل دانه‌پراکنده، رگه- رگچه‌ای، پُرکننده فضای خالی، جانشینی و فرامبوئیدال است. کانه‌زایی در قمیشلو به چهار مرحله قبل از کانه‌زایی، همزمان با کانه‌زایی، بعد از کانه‌زایی و برونزاد قابل تفکیک است. مرحله قبل از کانه‌زایی شامل فرایندهای دیاژنز و دگرگونی تدفینی بوده و طی آن پیریت‌های فرامبوئیدال با بافت دانه‌پراکنده و زئولیت (پرکننده حفرات بادامکی) درون گدازه‌های میزبان تشکیل شده‌اند. مرحله همزمان با کانه‌زایی شامل دو زیرمرحله است. مرحله اولیه کانه‌زایی با حضور کالکوسیت اولیه و بورنیت با بافت‌های دانه‌پراکنده، پرکننده حفرات و فرامبوئیدال (جانشین‌شده در قالب پیریت‌های فرامبوئیدال) و رگه-رگچه‌های کالکوسیت‌ اولیه مشخص می‌شود. مرحله تأخیری کانه‌زایی شامل رگه-رگچه‌های کلسیتی حاوی پیریت و کالکوپیریت با فراوانی کم می‌باشد. مرحله بعد از کانه‌زایی با حضور رگه- رگچه‌های کلسیتی و کوارتزی تأخیری عقیم شناخته می‌شود. مرحله برون‌زاد با هوازدگی و تشکیل کانی‌های ثانویه همراه است. بررسی‌های زمین‌شیمی نمونه‌های کانه‌دار بیانگر همبستگی مثبت قوی مس با گوگرد (93/0) و همبستگی منفی ضعیف نقره با گوگرد (27/0-) است. ویژگی‌های رخداد معدنی مس قمیشلو با کانسارهای نوع مانتو (زیررده بوئن‌اسپرانزا) قابل مقایسه است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Manto-type volcanic-hosted stratabound Cu mineralization in the Qamishlou occurrence (SW Zanjan): Evidence from geology, mineralization, and geochemistry

نویسندگان English

Soheila Rashidi 1
Hossein Kouhestani 2
Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari 2
1 M.Sc. in Economic Geology, Dept. of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده English

The Qamishlou Cu occurrence is located 150 km southwest of Zanjan, and is part of the Central Iran zone. Mineralization occurs as a stratabound zone hosted in the top part of the lower Cretaceous basalt-andesitic basalt lava. The ore zone has an NW-SE trend with 70-80˚ to the southwest and is 200 m long, and 1.5 m thick. Hydrothermal alteration related to mineralization includes chlorite-carbonate alteration. Propylitic and zeolitic alteration, and silica-calcite alteration, respectively, are related to pre- and post-mineralization processes. Primary chalcocite and bornite accompanied by minor pyrite, and chalcopyrite, are ore minerals; calcite and chlorite along with rare quartz, and zeolite are gangue minerals. Secondary chalcocite, covellite, malachite, cuprite, and neotocite are supergene minerals. The ore minerals show disseminated, vein-veinlet, vug infill, replacement, and framboidal textures. Mineralization at Qamishlou can be divided into four stages include pre-ore stage, syn-ore stage, post-ore stage, and supergene. Pre-ore stage is related to the diagenesis and burial metamorphism processes in which disseminated framboidal pyrites, and zeolite (as filling the amygdales) are formed within host basalt-andesitic basalt lavas. Syn-ore stage is divided in two substages. Early-ore stage is characterized by primary chalcocite, and bornite with disseminated, vug infill, and framboidal (pseudomorph of the framboidal pyrite) textures, and primary chalcocite veinlets. Late-ore stage includes minor pyrite- and chalcopyrite-bearing calcite vein-veinlets. Post-ore stage is marked by barren late calcite, and quartz vein-veinlets. Supergene stage is characterized by weathering and formation of secondary minerals. Geochemical investigations of ore samples show strong positive correlation between Cu and sulfur (0.93), and weak negative correlation between Ag and sulfur (˗0.27). Features of the Qamishlou Cu occurrence are comparable with the Manto-type (Buena Esperanza subtype) deposits.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Cu mineralization
diagenesis
stratabound
Manto-type
Qamishlou
Adeli, Z., Rasa, I., Darvishzadeh, A. (2015) Fluid inclusion study of the ore-quartz veins at Haftcheshmeh porphyry copper (Mo) deposit, Ahar–Arasbaran Magmatic Belt, NW Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 65: 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.05.022.
Aghazadeh, M., Hou, Z., Badrzadeh, Z., Zhou, L. (2015) Temporal–spatial distribution and tectonic setting of porphyry copper deposits in Iran: Constraints from zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 70: 385–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.03.003
Alirezaei, A., Arvin, M., Dargahi, S. (2017) Adakite-like signature of porphyry granitoid stocks in the Meiduk and Parkam porphyry copper deposits, NE of Shahr-e-Babak, Kerman, Iran: Constraints on geochemistry. Ore Geology Reviews, 88: 370–383.
Aliyari, F., Afzal, P., Harati, H., Zengqian, H. (2020) Geology, mineralogy, ore fluid characteristics, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Kahang Cu–(Mo) porphyry deposit, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 116: 103238.
Asghari, F. and Fardoost, F. (2020) Economic geology and mineralogy studies of Chah Gabri copper deposit, south of Damghan. Research in Earth Sciences, 11 (1): 89–108 (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.52547/esrj.11.1.89.
Mahabady, R. and Fardoost, F. (2020) Mineralogical, geochemical and genetic aspects of mineralization in Abgareh copper deposit; typical vein-type Cu deposits. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 29 (116): 99-110 (in Persian with English abstract).
Ayati, F., Yavuz, F., Asadi, H. H., Richards, J. P., Jourdan, F. (2013) Petrology and geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic and subvolcanic rocks, Dalli porphyry copper–gold deposit, Markazi Province, Iran. International Geology Review, 55: 158–184.
Boric, R., Holmgren, C., Wilson, N. S. F., Zentilli, M. (2002) The geology of the El Soldado Manto-type Cu (Ag) deposit, central Chile, In T.M. Porter (Editor), Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective. PGC Publication, Adelaide, Australia, 2: 185–205.
Bornhorst, T. J. and Barron, R. J. (2011) Copper deposits of the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. In: Archean to Anthropocene: Field Guides to the Geology of the Mid-Continent of North America (Eds, Miller, J. D., Hudak, G. J., Wittkop, C., McLaughlin, P. I.) Geological Society of America Field Guide, 24: 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1130/2011.0024(05)
Boveiri Konari, M., Rstad, E., Kojima, S., Rashidnejad Omran, N. (2013) Volcanic redbed-type copper mineralization in the Lower Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence of the Keshtmahaki deposit, southern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen (Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry), 190 (2): 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2013/0236.
Cabral, A. R. and Beaudoin, G. (2007) Volcanic red-bed copper mineralization related to submarine basalt alteration, Mont Alexandre, Quebec Appalachians, Canada. Mineralium Deposita, 42 (8): 901–912.
Dill, H. G. (2010) The chessboard classification scheme of mineral deposits: mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium. Earth Science Reviews, 100 (1–4): 1–20.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.011.
Eskandari, M., Mousivand, F., Sheibi, M., Lehmann, B. (2024) Mineralogy, alteration, fluid inclusions microthermometry and genesis of the Cu-Au Kalateh Dasht deposit, south of Shahrood, NE Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 16 (4): 125-147 (in Persian with extended English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.2024.1121.
Eskandari, M., Sheibi, M., Mousivand, F., Lehmann, B. (2025) Dogan copper deposit (south of Shahroud): copper-molybdenum porphyry mineralization in the Toroud-Chah Shirin magmatic arc. Journal of Economic Geology, in press (in Persian with extended English abstract).
Ghelichkhani, M., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Karimpour, M. H., Homam, S. M. (2023) Zangalou Manto-type deposit in the Sabzevar zone, northeast Iran: Evidence of mineralogy, geochemistry, U–Pb dating, fluid inclusion, and stable isotopes. Geological Journal, 58 (1): 465–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4607.
Golestani, M., Karimpour, M. H., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Hidarian Shahri, M. R. (2018) Geochemistry, U–Pb geochronology, and Sr-Nd isotopes of the Neogene igneous rocks, at the Iju porphyry copper deposit, NW Shahr-e-Babak, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 93: 290–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.001
Haggan, T., Parnell, J., Cisterna, M. E. (2003) Fluid history of andesite-hosted CuS-bitumen mineralization, Copiapo district, north-central Chile. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78–79: 631–633.
Khalaj, M., Hassan-Nezhad, A. A., Alizadeh, H., Haji Babaei, A., Ghorbani, G. (2021) Investigation of mineralization fluid evolution of hydrothermal vein copper deposits: Based on studies of fluid inclusions at Chah Mousa area (north of central Iran). Advanced Applied Geology, 11 (1): 116-135 (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22055/aag.2021.34599.2152.
Kirkham, R. V. (1996) Volcanic Redbed copper. In: Geology of Canadian Mineral Deposit Types (Eds, Eckstrand, O. R., Sinclair, W. D.,  Thorpe, R. I.) Geological Society of America, 8: 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-P1.241.
Kojima, S., Tristá-Aguilera, D., Hayashi, K. (2009) Genetic aspects of the Manto-type copper deposits based on geochemical studies of north Chilean deposits. Resource Geology, 59 (1): 87–98.
Kouhestani, H., Azimzadeh, A. M., Mokhtari, M. A. A., Ebrahimi, M. (2017) Mineralization and fluid evolution of epithermal base metal veins from the Aqkand deposit, NW Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen (Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry), 194 (2): 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/2017/0036.
Kouhestani, H., Mokhtari, M. A. A., Chang, Z., Johnson, A. C. (2018) Intermediate-sulfidation type base metal mineralization at Aliabad–Khanchy, Tarom–Hashtjin metallogenic belt. NW Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 93: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev. 2017.12.012
Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M. R., Moayyed, M., Movahednia, M., Choulet, F. (2017) Geology, mineralization and sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Mari Cu (Ag) Manto-type deposit, northern Zanjan, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 81 (1): 10–22.
Maghsoudi, A., Yazdi, M., Mehrpartou, M., Vosoughi, M., Younesi, S. (2014) Porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the Mirkuh-e-Ali Mirza magmatic complex, NW Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 79: 932–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.10.002.
Mahabady, R., and Hassanpour Ssedghi, M. (2019) Occurrence of copper mineralization of Abgareh deposit based on geology, mineralogy and geochemical evidences, south of Damghan. Iranian Journal of Geology, 13 (51): 65–80 (in Persian with English abstract).
Mahdavi Akerdi, M., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Karimpour, M. A., Rahimi, B. (2020) Geology, alteration, mineralization, Geochemistry, fluid inclusion, petrology, petrogenises and U-Pb zircon dating of diorite dykes in the Robaie copper area (South of Damghan). Journal of Economic Geology, 12 (3): 399-431 (in Persian with extended English abstract).
Mahdavi, A. and Rajabi, A. (2024) Neotocite textures as a clue to the exploration of Red Bed type sediment-hosted stratabound copper (SSC) deposits: Evidence from Ravar-Tabas-Eshghabad copper belt, Central Iran. International Geology Review, 66 (7): 1408–1422.
Maksaev, V. and Zentilli, M. (2002) Chilean stratabound Cu–(Ag) deposits: An overview. In T.M. Porter (Editor), Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective. PGC Publication, Adelaide, Australia, 2: 163–184.
Maureira, I., Barra, F., Reich, M., Palma, G. (2023) Geology of the Altamira and Las Luces deposits, Coastal Cordillera, northern Chile: implications for the origin of stratabound Cu–(Ag) deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 58 (2): 379–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01132-0.
McInnes, B. I. A., Evans, N. J., Belousova, E., Griffin, W. T., Andrew, R. L. (2003) Timing of mineralization and exhumation processes at the Sar Cheshmeh and Meiduk porphyry Cu deposits, Kerman belt, Iran. In: Eliopoulos et al. (Editors), Mineral exploration and sustainable development. Rotterdam, Millpress, pp. 1197–1200.
Mirnejad, H., Mathur, R., Hassanzadeh, J., Shafie, B., Nourali, S. (2013) Linking Cu Mineralization to host porphyry emplacement: Re–Os ages of molybdenites versus U–Pb ages of zircons and sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite and chalcopyrite from the Iju and Sarkuh porphyry deposits in southeast Iran. Economic Geology, 108: 861–870.
Mohammaddoost, H., Ghaderi, M., Kumar, T. V., Hassanzadeh, J., Alirezaei, S., Stein, H. J., Babu, E. V. S. S. K. (2017) Zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology, with S isotopic composition of sulfides from the Chah-Firouzeh porphyry Cu deposit, Kerman Cenozoic arc, SE Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 88: 384–399.
Mohammaddoost, H., Ghaderi, M., Kumar, T. V., Hassanzadeh, J., Alirezaei, S., Babu, E. V. S. S. K. (2023) Geology, mineralization, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotopes of Serenu porphyry copper prospect, Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc, southeastern Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 159: 105540.
Mohammadi, S., Kouhestani, H., Mokhtari, M. A. A. (2022) Intermediate-sulfidation epithermal Cu (PbZn) mineralization in the Marshoun 2 occurrence (SE Zanjan): Mineralization, geochemistry, and fluid inclusions evidence. Petrological Journal, 13 (1): 143–168 (in Persian with extended English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22108/ijp.2021.128215.1229.
Mokhtari, M. A. A., Kouhestani, H., Saeedi, A. (2016) Investigation on type and origin of cooper mineralization at Aliabad Mousavi–Khanchy occurrence, east of Zanjan, using petrological, mineralogical and geochemical data. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 25 (100): 259–270 (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22071/GSJ.2016.40756.
Movahednia, M., Maghfouri, S., Fazli, N., Rastad, E., Ghaderi, M., González, F. J. (2022) Metallogeny of Manto-type stratabound Cu(Ag) mineralization in Iran: Relationship with Neo-Tethyan evolution and implications for future exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 149: 105064.
Naderlou, F., Mokhtari, M. A. A., Kouhestani, H., Nabatian, G. (2021) Type and origin of the north Chargar Cu-Au mineralization, southeast of Zanjan: using petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical data. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 31 (2): 149–162 (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2020.185408.1652.
Oyarzun, R., Ortega, L., Sierra, J., Lunar, R., Oyarzun, J. (1998) Cu, Mn, and Ag mineralization in the Quebrada Marquesa Quadrangle, Chile: The Talcuna and Arqueros districts. Mineralium Deposita, 33: 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050171
Ramirez, L. E., Palacios, C., Townley, B., Parada, M. A., Sial, A. N., Fernandez-Turiel, J. L., Gimeno, D., Garcia-Valles, M., Lehmann, B. (2006) The Mantos Blancos copper deposit: an upper Jurassic breccia-style hydrothermal system in the coastal range of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 41: 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0055-9.
Rosemeyer, T. (2011) News from the Keweenaw: Part 4-Recent Mineral Finds in Michigan’s Copper Country. Rocks and Minerals, 86 (3): 206–227.
Salehi, L., Rasa, I., Alirezaei, S., Kazemi Mehrnia, A. (2016) The Madan Bozorg, volcanic-hosted copper deposit, East Shahroud; an example of Manto type copper deposits in Iran. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 98 (4): 93–104 (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2016.41166
Shafiei, B., Niedermann, S., Sósnicka, M., Gleeson, S. A. (2022) Microthermometry and noble gas isotope analysis of magmatic fluid inclusions in the Kerman porphyry Cu deposits, Iran: constraints on the source of ore-forming fluids. Mineralium Deposita, 57: 155–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01041-8.
Shahidi, A. and Baharfirouzi, Kh. (2001) Geological map of Halab, scale: 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran.
Shen, P.,   Pan, H., Li, Z., Sun, J., Shen, Y., Li, C., Feng, H., Cao, C. (2020) A Manto-type Cu deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: The Hongguleleng example (Xinjiang, China). Ore Geology Reviews, 124: 103656.
Sillitoe, R. H. (1977) Metallic mineralization affiliated to subaerial volcanism: a review. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 7, pp. 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1977.007.01.13
Simmonds, V., Moazzen, M., Mathur, R. (2017) Constraining the timing of porphyry mineralization in northwest Iran in relation to Lesser Caucasus and Central Iran; Re–Os age data for Sungun porphyry Cu–Mo deposit. International Geology Review, 59: 1561–1574.
Taghipour, N., Aftabi, A., Mathur, R. (2008) Geology and Re–Os geochronology of mineralization of the Meiduk porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Resource Geology, 58: 143–160.
Tristá-Aguilera, D., Barra, F., Ruiz, J., Morata, D., Talavera-Mendoza, O., Kojima, S., Ferraris, F. (2006) Re-Os isotope systematics for the Lince-Estefanía deposit: Constraints on the timing and source of copper mineralization in a stratabound copper deposit, Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 41 (1): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0048-8.
Tosdal, R. M. and Munizaga, F. (2003) Lead sources in Mesozoic and Cenozoic Andean ore deposits, north-central Chile (30-34S). Mineralium Deposita, 38: 234–250.
Whitney, D. L. and Evans, B. W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95 (1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371.
Wilson, N. S. F. and Zentilli, M. (2006) Association of pyrobitumen with copper mineralization from the Uchumi and Talcuna districts, central Chile. International Journal of Coal Geology, 65 (1–2): 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.04.012
Wilson, N. S. F., Zentilli, M., Reynolds, P. H. (2003a) Age of mineralization by basinal fluids at the El Soldado Manto-type Cu deposit, Chile: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of K-feldspar. Chemical Geology, 197 (1): 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00350-9
Wilson, N. S. F., Zentilli, M., Spiro, B. (2003b) A sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope study of the volcanic-hosted El Soldado Manto type Cu deposit, Chile: the essential role of bacteria and petroleum. Economic Geology, 98 (1): 163–174.
Yasami, N. and Ghaderi, M. (2019) Distribution of alteration, mineralization and fluid inclusion features in porphyry-high sulfidation epithermal systems: The Chodarchay example, NW Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 104: 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.11.006.
Yasami, N., Ghaderi, M., Alfonso, P. (2018) Sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Chodarchay Cu-Au deposit, Tarom, NW Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen (Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry), 195 (2): 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/2018/0097.
Yasami, N., Ghaderi, M., Madanipour, S., Taghilou, B. (2017) Structural control on overprinting high-sulfidation epithermal on porphyry mineralization in the Chodarchay deposit, northwestern Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 86: 212–224.
Zamanian, H., Rahmani, Sh, Jannessary, M. R., Zareii Sahamiieh, R., Borna, B. (2016) Ore-genesis study of The Cu-Au vein-type deposit in The Tarom-Granitoid (north Zanjan) based on mineralogical, geochemical and fluid inclusion evidences. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 25 (98): 255–282 (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2016.41228.
Zarasvandi, A., Liaghat, S., Zentilli, M. (2005) Geology of the Darreh-Zerreshk and Ali Abad porphyry copper deposits, Central Iran. International Geology Review, 47: 620–646. https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.47.6.620.

  • تاریخ دریافت 27 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 29 خرداد 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 31 خرداد 1404