Abdallah, J. A., Said, A., Visona, D (1997) New geochemical and petrographic data on the gabbro-syenite suite between Hargeysa and Berbera-Shiikh (Northern Somalia). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 23(3): 363-373. doi.org/
10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00007-9.
Abu-Hamatteh, Z. S. H (2005) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of mafic magmatic rocks of the Jharol Belt, India: geodynamic implication. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 25: 557–581.
10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.05.006.
Aghajari, F (1392) Petrogenesis of alkaline and sub-alkaline magmatic series in the south of Shahrab (Ardestan). Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 114p.
Aghanabati, A (1998) Major sedimentary and structural units of Iran (map). Geosciences 7, Geological Survey of Iran.
Ahmadvand, A) 1387( Geochemistry and petrology of basic volcanic rocks in the southwest of Shahrab (Ardestan). Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 69p. (in Persian)
Alavi, M (2004) Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American Journal of Science, 304: 1-20.
Almeida, M. E., Macambira, M. J. B., Oliveira, E. C (2007) Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of the I-type high-K calc-alkaline and S-type granitoid rocks from southeastern Roraima, Brazil: Orosirian collisional magmatism evidence (1.97-1.96 Ga) in Central portion of Guyana shield. Precambrian Research, 15(1): 69-97. doi.org/
10.1016/j.precamres.2007.01.004.
Amidi, M (1975) Contribution a letude stratigraphique, Petrologique, et Petrochimique des roches magmatiques de la region de Natanz-Nain-Surk (Iran central). (Doctoral dissertation, Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble).
Amidi, M., Alavi, N., Davdzadeh, M., Nabavi, M. H., Aganbati, A (1979) Geological map 1:250000 Nain, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Amuzadeh Khalili, D (1388) Geochemistry and petrology of volcanic rocks in south-western Shahrab (Ardestan). Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 60p. (in Persian)
Anders, E., Grevesse, N (1989) Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar. Geochimica et Cosmochim Acta, 53: 197-214. doi.org/
10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X.
Arslan, M., Aslan, Z (2006) Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(2): 177-193.
Asiabanha, A., Bardintzeff, J. M., Kananian, A., Rahimi, G (2012) Post-Eocene volcanics of the Abazar district, Qazvin, Iran: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for a complex magmatic evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 45: 79-94. doi.org/
10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.020.
Bahroudi, A., Fonoudi, M (2003) Geological Map of Shahrab in the scale of 1:100,000, No. 6556, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
Berberian, M., King, G.C.P (1981) Towards paleogeography and Tectonic Evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 18: 210-265. doi.org/
10.1139/e81-019.
Borg, L. E., Clynne, M. A., Bullen, T. D (1997) The variable role of slab derived fluids in the generation of a suite primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the Southernmost Cascades, California. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35(2): 425-452.
Chashchin, A. A., Sorokin, A. A., Lebedev, V. A., Blokhin, M. G (2016) Age, Main Geochemical Characteristics, and Sources of Late Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Udurchukan Volcanic Area (Amur Region). Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 10: 239-248.
Cheng, H (2001) Petrology and geochemistry of neogenecontinental basaltic and related rocks in Northern Taiwan. Western Pacific Earth Sciences 1: 19-46.
Chiu, H. Y., Chung, S. L., Zarrinkoub, M. H., Mohammadi, S.S., Khatib, M.M., Iizuka, Y (2013) Zircon U–Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny. Lithos, 162–163: 70–87.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.006.
Çoban, H., Karacık, Z., Ece, Ö (2012) Source contamination and tectonomagmatic signals of overlapping Early to Middle Miocene orogenic magmas associated with shallow continental subduction and asthenospheric mantle flows in Western Anatolia: A record from Simav (Kütahya) region: Lithos, 140-141: 119-141.
Cobbing, J (2000) The geology and mapping of granite batholiths. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 96, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 121 p.
Conley, A. G., Bernan, J. M., Bellon, H., Scott, S. D (2005) Arc to rift transitional volcanism in the Santa Rosalia Region, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 142(3-4): 303-341.
doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.013.
Cornelius, T., Ntaflos, T. V., Akinin, V (2011) Polybaric petrogenesis of Neogene alkaline magmas in an extensional tectonic environment: Viliga Volcanic Field, northeast Russia.Lithos, 122: 13-24.
Dilek, Y., Imamverdiyev, N., Altunkaynak, S (2010) Geochemistry and tectonics of Cenozoic volcanism in the Lesser Caucasus (Azerbaijan) and the peri-Arabian region: collision-induced mantle dynamics and its magmatic fingerprint. International Geology Review, 52(4–6): 536– 578. doi.org/
10.1080/00206810903360422.
Fan, W. M., Gue, F., Wang, Y. J., Lin, G (2003) Late Mesozoic calc-alkaline volcanism of postorogenic extention in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 121: 115-135. doi.org/
10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00415-8.
Gahlan, H. A., Arai, S., Ahmed, A. H., Ishida, Y., Abdel-Aziz, Y. M., Rahimi, A (2006) Origin of magnetite veins in serpentinite from the Late Proterozoic Bou-Azzer ophiolite, Anti-Atlas, Morocco: An implication for mobility of iron during serpentinization. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 46(4): 318–330.
Gao, Y., Hou, Z., Kamber, B. S., Wei, R., Meng, X., Zhao, R (2007) Adakite-like por- phyries from the southern Tibetan continental collision zones: evidence for slab melt metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 153: 105- 120.
Ghalamghash, J., Mousavi, S., Hassanzadeh, J., Schmitt, A (2016) Geology, zircon geochronology, and petrogenesis of Sabalan volcano (northwestern Iran). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 327: 192-207.
Ghalamghash, J., Schmitt, A. K., Chaharlang, R (2019b) Age and compositional evolution of Sahand volcano in the context of post-collisional magmatism in northwestern Iran: Evidence for timetransgressive magmatism away from the collisional suture. Lithos, 344-345: 265-279.
Ghasemi, A., Talbot, C. J (2006) A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6): 683-693.
doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.01.003.
Ghasemi, H., Rostami, M. and Sadeghian, M (2017) Basic magmatism in extensional back-arc basin of the Lower-Middle Jurassic at the Northern edge of Central Iran South of Eastern Alborz zones, Shahrood-Damghan. Scientific Quarterly Journal, 27: 107. (in Persian).
doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2018.63800.
Gill, R (2010) Igneous rocks and processes, a practical guide: A John Wiley and Sons Publication, 428p.
Gusev, A. I., Korobeinikov, A. F (2009) Mantle–crustal interaction in the generation of different types of mineralization: geophysical and petrological aspects, Izv. Tomsk Polytechnic University, 315(1): 18-25.
Helvaci, C., Ersoy, E. Y., Sozbilir, H., Erkul, F., Sumer, O., Uzel, B (2009) Geochemistry and 40 Ar /39Ar Geochronology of Miocene Volcanic rocks from the Karaburun Peninsula: Implication for amphibole– bearing lithospheric mantle source, Western Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 158(3): 181-202.
Hastie, A. R., Kerr, A. C., Pearce, J. A., Mitchell, S. F (2007) Classification of altered volcanic arc rocks using immobile trace elements: development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology, 48(12): 2341- 2357.
Hollocher, K., Robinson, P., Walsh, E., Roberts, D (2012) Geochemistry of amphibolite-facies volcanics and gabbros of the Støren Nappe in extensions west and southwest of Trondheim, Western Gneiss Region, Norway: a key to correlations and paleotectonic settings. American Journal of Science, 312(4): 357-416.
Hoffer, G., Eissen, J. P., Beat, B., Bourdon, E., Fornari, M., Cotton, J (2008) Geochemical and petrological constraints on rear-arc magma genesis processes in Ecuador: the puyo cones and Mero lavas volcanic formations. Volcanology geothermal research, 176: 107-118.
Hofmann, A. W (1988) Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3): 297-314.
doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90132-X.
Jung, S., Hoffer, E., Hoernes, S (2007) Neo-Proterozoic rift-related syenites (Northern Damara Belt, Namibia): geochemical and Nd–Sr– Pb–O isotope constraints for mantle sources and petrogenesis. Lithos, 96(3): 415-435.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.11.005.
Keskin, M., Pearce, J. A., Mitchell, J. G (1998) Volcano-stratigraphy and geochemistry of collision-related volcanism on the Erzurum–Kars Plateau, North Eastern Turkey. Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85: 355-404.
Khademian, F., Alaminia, Z., Ghasemi, A., Nadimi, A. R (2023) Petrology, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry, and tectonic setting of basic- intermediate volcanic rocks from northwest of Nain, Isfahan. Petrological Journal, 52: 1-34. (in Persian with English Abstract).
Khademian, F., Alaminia, Z., Nadimi, A.R., Lentz, D.R., Ghasemi, A., Sharifi, M (2024) Structural and Alteration Zones Controls on Cu Mineralisation in the Northwest of Nain (northeastern Isfahan, Iran): A Remote Sensing Perspective. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 211: 105-151.
Khaltabari Jafari, M., Alaee Mahabadi, S (1998) Geological map 1:100000 of Natanz, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
Koralay, T., Kadioglu, Y. K., Davis, P (2011) Weak compositional zonation in a silicic magmatic system: Incesu ignimbrite, Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (Kayseri-Turkey). Journal of Asian Earth Sciencese, 40: 371-393. doi.org/
10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.018.
Kürkçüoğlu, B (2010) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of basaltic rocks from the Develidag volcanic complex, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 37(1): 42-51. doi:
10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.07.004.
Lechmann, A., Burg, J. P., Ulmer, P., Guillong, M., Faridi, M (2018) Metasomatized mantle as the source of Mid-Miocene-Quaternary volcanism in NW-Iranian Azerbaijan: Geochronological and geochemical evidence. Lithos, 304-307: 311-328.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.01.030.
Li, X., Mo, X., Yu, X., Ding, Y., Huang, X., Wei, P., He, W (2013) Petrology and geochemistry of the early Mesozoic pyroxene andesites in the Maixiu Area, West Qinling,China: Products of subduction or syn-collision. Lithos, 172-173: 158-174.
Liu, H. Q., Xu, Y. G., Tian, W., Zhong, Y. T., Mundil, R., Li, X. H., Yang, Y. H., Luo, Z. Y., Shang – Guan, S. M (2014) Origin of two types of rhyolites in the Tarim Large Igneous Province: Consequences of incubation and melting of a mantle plume. Lithos, 204: 59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos, 2014.02.007.
Macdonald, R., Hawkesworth, C. J., Heath, E (2001) The lesser Antilles volcanic chain: A study in arc magmatism. Earth Science Reviews, 49: 1-76.
Marchev, P., Raicheva, R., Downes, H., Vaselli, O., Chiaradia, M., Moritz, R (2004) Compositional diversity of Eocene-Oligocene basaltic magmatism in the Eastern Rhodopes, SE Bulgaria: implications for genesis and tectonic setting. Tectonophysics, 393(1-4): 301-328.
doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.045.
McDermott, F., Delfin, F. G, Defant, M. J, Turner, S., Maury, R (2005) The petrogenesis of magmas from Mt. Bulusan and Mayon in the Bicol arc, the Philippines. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150: 652 -670.
Meng, L., Li, Z. X., Chen, H., Li, X. H., Wang, X. C (2012) Geochronological and geochemical results from Mesozoic basalts in southern South China Block support the flat-slab subduction model. Lithos, 132: 127-140.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.11.022.
Mohajjel, M., Ferguson, C. L., Sahandi, M. R (2003) Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21: 397-412.
Mohammadi, S., Nadimi, A., Alaminia, Z (2018) Analysis of the relationship between mineralization and alteration zones with tectonic structures using remote sensing studies in south Ardestan area (northeastern Isfahan). Tectonics Journal, 2(7): 29-49 (in Persian).
Nicholson, K. N., Black, P. M., Hoskin, PW. O., Smith, I. E. M (2004) Silicic volcanism and back-arc extension related to the migration of the Late Cainozoic Australian- Pacific plate boundary. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 131(3-4): 295-306.
doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00382-2.
Omrani, J., Agard, P., Whitechurch, H., Benoit, M., Prouteau, G., Jolivet, L (2008) Arc magmatism and subduction history beneath the Zagros Mountains, Iran: a new report of adakites and geodynamic consequences. Lithos, 106: 380–398.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.04.032.
Orozco-Esquivel, T., Petrone, C. M., Ferrari, L., Tagami, T., Manetti, P (2007) Geochemical and isotopic variability in lavas from the eastern Trans-Mexican volcanic belt: slab detachment in a subduction zone with varying dip. Lithos, 93: 149-174.
Pang, K. N., Chung, S. L., Zarrinkoub, M. H., Khatib, M. M., Mohammadi, S. S., Chiu, H. Y., Chu, C. H., Lee, H. Y., Lo, C. H (2013) Eocene–Oligocene post-collisional magmatism in the Lut–Sistan region, eastern Iran: Magma genesis and tectonic implications. Lithos, 180– 181: 234–251.
Pang, K. N., Chung, S. L., Zarrinkoub, M. H., Chiu, H. Y., Li, X.-H (2014) On the magmatic record of the Makran arc, southeastern Iran: Insights from zircon U-Pb geochronology and bulk-rock geochemistry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(6): 2151-2169. doi.org/
10.1002/2014GC005262.
Pearce, J. A (1996) A user’s guide to basalt discrimination diagrams, In: trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration (Ed. Wyman, D.A.) Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, 12: 79- 113.
Plank, T (2005) Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones and the Evolution of the Continents. Journal of Petrology, 46: 921 -944. doi.org/
10.1093/petrology/egi005.
Radfar, J (1997) Geological map of Ardestan, scale 1:100000, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Rollinson, H. R (1993) Using geochemical data, Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman Scientific and Technical, New York, 352p.
Ross, P. S., Bedard, J. H (2009) Magmatic affinity of modern and ancient sub alkaline volcanic rocks determined from trace element discrimination diagram. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46: 823–829.
Rudnick, R. L., Fountain, D. M (1995) Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics, 33: 267-309.
doi.org/10.1029/95RG01302.
Rudnick, R. L., Gao, S (2003) Composition of the continental crust. (Ed. Rudnick, R.L.), Treatise in Geochemistry, 3. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, 1-64.
Schandl, E. S., Gorton, M. P (2002) Application of high field strength elements to discriminate tectonic settings in VMS environments. Economic Geology, 97: 629-642.
doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.3.629.
Shahsavari Alavijeh, B., Rashidnejad-Omran, N., Toksoy-Köksal, F., Xu, W., Ghalamghash, J (2019) Oligocene subduction-related plutonism in the Nodoushan area, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt: Petrogenetic constraints from U-Pb zircon geochronology and isotope geochemistry. Geoscience Frontiers, 10: 725-751.
doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.03.017.
Şengör, A. M. C., Özeren, S., Zor, E., Genç, T (2003) East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, N-S shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (24): 80451-80454.
Soesoo, A (2000) Fractional crystallization of mantle-derived melts as a mechanism for some I-type granite petrogenesis: an example from Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia. Journal Geology Society, 157: 135–149.
doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.1.135.
Sun, S. S., McDonough, W. F (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle compositions and processes. In: Magmatism in the Ocean Basins (Eds. Saunders, A. D. and Norry, M. J.) Geological Society, Special Publications 42: 313-345.
Suzaño, N., Becchio, R., Sola, A., Ortiz, A., Nieves, A., Quiroga, M., Fuentes, G (2017) The role of magma mixing in the evolution of the Early Paleozoic calc-alkaline granitoid suites, Eastern magmatic belt, Puna, NW Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.02.008.
Talusani, V. R (2010) Bimodal tholeiitic and mildly alkali basalts from Bhirarea, central Deccan Volcanic Province, India. Geochemistry and petrogenesis Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research, 189: 278-290.
doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.11.019.
Temel, A., Gündoğdu, M. N., Gourgaud, A (1998) Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high - K calc -alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85: 327 -354.
Verdel, Ch., Wernicke, B. P., Hassanzadeh, J., Guest, B (2011) A Paleogene extensional arc flare-up in Iran. Tectonics 30. doi.org/
10.1029/2010TC002809.
Vigneresse, J. L (2004) A new paradigm for granite generation.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Sciences, 95: 11- 22. doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300000882.
Wang, Z., Zhao, Y., Zou, H., Li, W., Liu, X., Wu, H., Xu, G., Zhang, S (2007) Petrogenesis of the Early Jurassic Nandaling flood basalts in the Yanshan belt, North China Craton: A correlation between magmatic underplating and lithospheric thinning. Lithos, 96: 543-566.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.004.
Wang, H., Wu, Y. B., Qin, Z. W., Zhu, L. Q., Liu, Q., Liu, X. C., Gao, S., Wijbrans, J. R., Zhou, L., Gong, H. J (2013) Age and geochemistry of Silurian gabbroic rocks in the Tongbai orogeny, central China: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the North Qinling arc-back-arc system. Lithos, 179: 1-15.
White, W. M (2005) Geochemistry. First edition, Wiley-Blackwell, London, UK.
Whitney, D. L., Evans, B. W (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185-187. doi.org/
10.2138/am.2010.3371.
Wilson, M (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, Unwin Hyman London, 466.
Winchester, J. A., Floyd, P. A (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20: 325–342. doi:
10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2.
Wood, D. A (1980) The application of a Th Hf Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth and planetary science letters, 50 (1): 11-30.
Woodhead, J. D., Hergt, J. M., Davidson, J. P., Eggins, S.M (2001) Hafnium isotope evidence for conservative element mobility during subduction zone processes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192: 331- 346.
Wu, F., Jahnb, B., Wildec, S. A., Lod, C. H., Yuie, T. F., Lina, Q., Gea, W., Suna, D., (2003) Highly fractionated I-type granites in NE China II: isotopic geochemistry and implications for crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. Lithos, 67: 191-204.
Xu, X., Song, S., Su, L., Li, Z., Niu, Y. and Allen, M. B (2015) The 600- 580 Ma continental rift basalts in North Qilian Shan, northwest China: Links between the Qilian -Qaidam block and SE Australia, and the reconstruction of East Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 257: 47-64.
doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2021.10.004.
Yang, W., Li, Sh (2008) Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: Implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton. Lithos, 102 (1-3): 88-117.
Yeganehfar, H (1386) Petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in South Ardestan. Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 118p. (in Persian)
Yoshida,T., Okamura, S., Sakamoto, I., Ikeda, Y., Adachi, Y., Kojima, M., Sugawara, M., Shitahaku, R (2013) Petrology of felsic rocks dredged from the Myojin Seamount and the Myojin Rift in the north Izu-Bonin arc-Contribution of intra-oceanic subduction system to making continental middle crust. Meeting of International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior, Kagoshima, Japan.
Yu, Q., Ge, W. C., Zhang, J., Zhao, G. C., Zhang, Y.L., Yang, H (2016) Geochronology, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implication of Late Paleozoic Volcanic Rocks from the Dashizhai Formation in Inner Mongolia, NE China. Gondwana Research, 47: 164-177.
doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0226.
Zhang, C. L., Li, Z. X., Li, X. H., Ye, H. M (2009) Neoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms at the northern margin of the Tarim Block, NW China: age, geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 35: 167–179.
Zhu, D., Pan, G., MO X., Liao, Zh., Jiang, X., Wang, L., Zhao, Zh (2007) Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, central segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A probable example of plume-lithosphere interaction, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29: 320-335. doi.org/
10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.12.004.
Zulkarnain, I (2009) Geochemical Signature of Mesozoic Volcanic and Granitic Rocks in Madina Regency Area, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and its Tectonic Implication. Journal Geologi Indonesia, 4 (2): 117-131. doi.org/
10.17014/ijog.vol4no2.20094.