بررسی روند تشکیل گرافیت در کانسار سولکان، استان زنجان با استفاده ازFT-IR و XRD

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 شرکت مهندسین مشاور کوشا معدن، تهران

2 گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه دامغان

3 گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

کانسار فلوئوریت- باریت- روی- سرب سولکان در زون سنندج- سیرجان و در 125 کیلومتری غرب زنجان در مجاورت (حدود 500 متر) معدن روی - سرب انگوران واقع شده است. سنگ­های غالب در این منطقه شامل آمفیبول­شیست، میکاشیست، مرمر گرافیت­دار و گنیس منتسب به پرکامبرین هستند که قدیمی­ترین واحد شناخته شده در این منطقه می­باشند.کانی­زایی در کانسار سولکان در حدفاصل مرمرهای حاصل از دگرگونی سنگ­آهک و دولومیت در بخش زیرین و میکاشیست در بخش بالایی رخ داده است. گرافیت با حاشیه نامشخص و پراکنده در تمامی سنگ­های دگرگونی منطقه قابل تشخیص می­باشد. با انجام آنالیز XRD  SEM-EDX,وجود گرافیت به صورت ادخال در کانی فلوئوریت موجود در کانسار سولکان تایید گردید. گرافیت به شکل­های منظم، کروی، بیضوی، هگزاگونال و کوبیک و هم به صورت نامنظم که عمدتاً فضای خالی سطوح رخ و شکستگی­های فلوئوریت را پر کرده­اند، حضور دارد. با انجام آنالیز طیف­سنجی FT-IR، ساختار مواد آلی شکل گرفته در طی دگرگونی منطقه سولکان- انگوران به­طور دقیق بررسی شد. کروژن در تمامی مراحل دگرگونی حضور دارد و کم کم به طرف دگرگونی بالاتر با از دست رفتن مواد فرار و تجمع کربن، گرافیت تشکیل شده است. بر اساس این داده­ها مشخص شد که ادخال­های گرافیت موجود در فلوئوریت کانسار سولکان احتمالا دارای دو منشاء با دماهای متفاوت می­باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of the formation of graphite in Solakan deposit, Zanjan province using FT-IR and XRD

نویسندگان [English]

  • mahya manouchehrinia 1
  • nader taghipour 2
  • hafez marangy 3
1 Kusha Madan Consultant Engineers Co.tehran
2 School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan-Iran
3 School of Earth Sciences, Zanjan University, zanjan -Iran
چکیده [English]

Fluorite-barite-zinc-lead Solakan deposit is located in Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and in 125 Km of western Zanjan in the vicinity of zn-pb Anguran mine (about 500 meters). The dominant lithology of this region is consisting of amphibole schist, mica schist, graphite-bearing marble and gneiss with Precambrian age which is the oldest known unit in this region. Mineralization is occurred between the marbles (metamorphosed limestone and dolomite) in the lower part and mica schist in the upper part in the Solakan deposit. Graphite is distinguishable with an unspecified and scattered margin in all the metamorphic rocks of the region. SEM-EDX and XRD analysis confirmed occurrence of graphite in fluorite mineral in Solakan deposit. Graphite is present with regular shapes such as spherical, oral, hexagonal, cubic and in irregular shapes that generally fallow the cleavage and fractures in within fluorite. The structure of organic matter formed during the metamorphism of the Solakan-Angouran region was thoroughly investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Kerogen is present in all metamorphic stages with the loss of volatile matter with increasing of metamorphic degree and accumulation of carbon, graphite was formed. Based on this data, it was confirmed that the graphite inclusions in the fluorite probably display two sources with different temperatures in Solakan deposit.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Graphite
  • Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
  • XRD
  • Solkan Deposit
  • Zanjan
Alavi, M (1994) Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretation. Tectono physics, 229: 211–238.
Babakhani, A.R., Omrani, J., Mosavi, A., Abdolahi, H.R., (2002).Geological maps 1: 10,000 Anguran area, Geological Survey and mineral exploration of Iran and Iran Zinc Mines Development Company, unpublished
 
Barrenechea, J. F., Luque, F. J., Millward, D., Ortega, L., Beyssac, O., Rodas, M (2009) Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England, UK Raman and SIMS data). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 158: 37-51.
Barrenechea, J.F., Luque, F.J., Rodas, M., Pasteris, J.D (1997) Vein-type graphite in the Jurassic volcani rocks of the external zone of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain). Canadian Mineralogist, 35: 1379-1390.
Bonoldi, L., Di Paolo, L. and Flego, C (2016) Vibrational spectroscopy assessment of kerogen maturity in organic-rich source rocks. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 87: 14-19.
Bowser, S.S. and Bernhard, J.M (1993) Structure, bioadhesive distribution and elastic properties of the agglutinated test of Astrammina rara (Protozoa: Foraminiferida). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 40(2): 121-131.
Buseck, P. R., and Huang, B. J (1985) Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite during metamorphism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, V 49(10), pp 2003-2016.
Cesare, B (1995) Graphite precipitation in C-O-H fluid inclusions: Closed system compositional and density changes, and thermobarometric implications: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122: 25–33.
Coatesm, J (2000) Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, a Practical Approach. Infrared Spectroscopy. DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a5606.
Daliran, F (2008) The carbonate rock-hosted epithermal gold deposit of Agdarreh, Takab geothermal field, NW Iran – hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 43: 383-404.
Daliran, F., Pride, K., Walther, J., Berner, Z. A., Bakker, R.J (2013) The Angouran Zn (Pb) deposit, NW Iran: Evidence for a two stage, hypogene zinc sulfide–Zinc carbonate mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 53: 373-402.
Damm, B (1968) Geologie des Zendan-I Suleiman und seiner Umgebung südöstliches Balqash-Gebirge Nordwest-Iran. Beiträge zur Archäologie und Geologie des Zendan-I Suleiman, Teil 1. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden: 1–52.
Dimovski, S., Jaszczak, J. A., Robinsonc, G.W., Gogotsia, Y., Hackneyd, S.A (2009) Naturally occurring cones and tubes of graphite: Mineralogy and Petrology, 158: 37-41.
Gazanfari, F (1991) Metamorphic and igneous petrogenesis in Ne of Takab with special regard to Zinc mineralization in the Angouran mine. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Teheran university 530 Pp. (In Persian).
Gilg, H.A., Allen, C., Balassone, G., Boni, M., Moore, F (2003) The 3- stage evolution of the Angouran Zn Oxide-Sulfide deposit, Iran. In: Eliopoulos D Et Al (Eds) mineral exploration and sustainable development. Millpress, Rotterdam: 77–80.
Glennie, K.W (2000) Cretaceous tectonic evolution of Arabia’seastern plate margin: A tale of two oceans in: Middle East models of Jurassic/Cretaceous carbonate systems. Sepm special Publication, 69: 9–20.
Guo, Y. and Bustin, R.M (1998) Micro-FTIR spectroscopy of liptinite macerals in coal. International Journal of Coal Petrology, 36: 259–275.
Jaszczak, J.A., Robinson, G.W., Dimovski, S., Gogotsi, Y (2003) Naturally occurring graphite cones. Publication in Carbon, 41: 2085-2092.
Karabakan, A and Yurum, Y (1998) Effect of the mineral matrix in the reactions of oil shales: 1. Pyrolysis reactions of Turkish Goynuk and Us Green River oil shales Fuel, 77: 1303–1309
Kwiecinska, B (1980) Mineralogy of natural graphites: Polska Akademi Nauk, Prace Mineralogiczne, 67: 5-79.
Landis C.A (1971) Graphitization of dispersed carbonaceous material in metamorphic rocks, Contr. Mineral and Petrol, 30: 34-45.
Luque, F.J., Ortega1, L., Barrenechea1, J.F., Millward, L., Beyssac, O., Huizenga, J-M (2009) Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate temperature fluids. Geology Article ID, 37: 275-278.
Luque, F.J., Pasteris, J.D., Wopenka, B., Rodas, M., Barrenechea, J.F (1998) Natural fluid- deposited Graphite mineralogical characteristics and Mechanisms of formation. Science, 298: 471-498.
Madanzamin Company (1391) Geological report of the lead and zinc mine of Anguran (in Persian)
Masterlitz, M. and Glikson, M (2000) In-situ analysis of solid bitumen in coal: examples from the Bowen Basin and the Illinois Basin. International Journal of Coal Petrology, 42: 207–220.
Mehrabi, B., Yardley, B.W.D., Cann, J.R (1999) Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization at Zarshuran, NW Iran. Miner Deposita, 34: 673-696.
Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C. L., Sahandi, M. R (2003) Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21: 397–412.
Morgan, G.B., Chou, I.M., Pasteris, J.D., Oslen, S.N (1993) Re-equilibration of CO2 fluid inclusions at controlled hydrogen fugacities. J. Metamorph. Geology, 11: 155–164.
Naumann, E (1961) Geographische Und Geologischeeinordnung. Teheran forsch, 1:15–32.
Pasteris, J.D (1999) Causes of the uniformly high crystallinity of graphite in large epigenetic deposits: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 17: 779–787.
Pitcairn, L., Roberts, R., Teagle, D.A.H., Craw, D (2005) Detecting hydrothermal graphite deposition during metamorphism and gold mineralization. Geological Society, 162: 429–432
Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Kazemi, H (2003) Geology, mineralogy and genesis of the Gharah-Gol boron deposit, SW of Zanjan, Iran. J Sci. University of Tehran, 29:1–23(In Persian).
Richards, J.P., Wilkinson, D., Ullrich, Th (2006) Geology of the Sari Gunay epithermal gold deposit, Northwest Iran. Econ. Geol., 101: 1455–1496.
Rouxhet, P.G., Robin, P.L., Nicaise, G (1980) Characterization of kerogens and their evolution by infrared spectroscopy. In: Durand, B. (ed.) Kerogen. Technip, Paris, 163–190.
Rumble, D (2014) Hydrothermal graphite Carbon. Elements, 10: 427–433.
Satish-Kumar, M (2005)Graphite-bearing co2-fluid inclusions in granulites: insights on graphite precipitation and carbon isotope evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69: 3841–3856.
Skirrow, R.G., Franklin, J.M (1994) Silisification and Metal Leaching in Semiconformable sulfide deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Economic Geology, 89: 31-50. 
Stöcklin, J (1968) Structural history and tectonics of Iran-a review. Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geology, 52: 1223–1258.
Ulmer, P., Luth, R. W (1991) The graphite-COH fluid equilibrium in P, T, fO2 space. An experimental determination to 30 Kbar and1600°C. Contrib. Mineral. Petrology, 106: 265–272.
Van Der Marel, H.W., and Beutelspacher, H (1976) Atlas of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and their Admixtures. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Weis, P. L (1980) Graphite skeleton crystals-A newly recognized morphology of crystalline carbon in metasedimentary rocks. Geology, 8: 296-927.
Wopenka, B., and Pasteris, J.D (1993) Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite: applicability of raman microprobe spectroscopy: American Mineralogist, 1: 533-557.
Yule, B.L., Roberts, S., Marshall, J.E.A (2000) The thermal evolution of sporopollenin. Organic Geochemistry, 31: 859–870.
Alavi, M., (1994). Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretation. Tectono physics, 229: 211–238.
Babakhani, A.R., Omrani, J., Mosavi, A., Abdolahi, H.R., (2002). Geological maps 1: 10,000 Anguran area, Geological Survey and mineral exploration of Iran and Iran Zinc Mines Development Company, unpublished